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INDCs combine the top-down system of a United Nations climate agreement with bottom-up elements where countries present their agreements within their own national circumstances, capacities and priorities, with the aim of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to limit the increase in global temperature to 2 degrees Celsius. [3] India has presented a balanced climate plan that, in addition to its renewable energy targets, will lead to transformative change. These measures are also proposed at the same time as an aggressive development programme. While implementation remains a challenge, the INDC makes it clear that India, along with its colleagues, is working on a strong international climate agreement. Under the Paris Agreement, adopted in December 2015, the INDC will be the first defined national contribution (NDC) if a country ratifies the agreement, unless it decides to simultaneously file a new NCP. Once the Paris Agreement is ratified, the NDC will be the first greenhouse gas target under the UNFCCC, which will apply to both developed and developing countries. [3] On August 3, 2016, China and the United States ratified the agreement. Together, they contribute 38% of total global emissions, with China alone emitting 20%. [4] With 4.1% of emissions, India ratified the Paris Agreement on 2 October 2016 by depositing the instrument of ratification at the UN.

[5] The continued expansion of coal is a key reserve in India`s outlook. The 1.5 degree Celsius Paris Agreement means there must be an exit from coal in India`s electricity sector by 2040. The National Electricity Plan (NEP) in 2018 included more than 90 GW of planned coal capacity, which would unnecessarily increase emissions and risk becoming stranded assets. Abandoning these plans is more than feasible if we take into account recent developments such as a 50% reduction in solar energy costs in just two years and several plans to build coal-fired power plants by several distribution companies. In an important development in the months leading up to the Paris climate talks, China and the United States made a joint announcement on climate change. Countries highlighted their individual and joint initiatives in this regard. The two countries reaffirmed their commitment to reach an ambitious agreement in 2015 that reflects the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities, taking into account the diversity of national situations. It is important to note that the phrase “in the light of national realities” was included in the final text of the Lima Summit, which does not leave much difference between developed and developing countries, given that the focus is on current emission trends and not on historical emissions. .

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